Vietnam by Panoramic Photography: March 2007

Wednesday, March 28, 2007

Ba Dinh square

The Ba Dinh Square zone. This zone is situated south of West Lake and North of Hanoi Old Citadel and is well-known for the following historical sites:

- Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. It was opened on September 2, 1975, standing on the historical Ba Dinh square. This architectural structure has a rectangular form and evokes a lotus. Its upper part was made in the style typical of a traditional Vietnamese pagoda. The Mausoleum is opened daily for people coming to pay their homage to president Ho Chi Minh.

- Uncle Ho's (Ho Chi Minh) house-on-stilts. The house is located in the compound of the Presidential Palace ( former Residence of the Governor General of Tonkin). It is made from wood, in the style typical of the houses of mountain ethnic minorities. Next to the house are century old trees, by the side of a beautiful lake. President Ho Chi Minh lived, worked and hold meetings with top leaders from 1954 until he passed away in this house (September 1969).

- Ho Chi Minh Museum. This five-storey architectural project is situated behind Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. It was opened on September 2, 1990 on the occasion of the 100th birthday of the President. In this Museum many objects and documents relating to Ho Chi Minh are kept.

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The Ba Dinh Square zone. This zone is situated south of West Lake and North of Hanoi Old Citadel and is well-known for the following historical sites

Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. It was opened on September 2, 1975, standing on the historical Ba Dinh square. This architectural structure has a rectangular form and evokes a lotus. Its upper part was made in the style typical of a traditional Vietnamese pagoda. The Mausoleum is opened daily for people coming to pay their homage to president Ho Chi Minh.

Ao cá Bác Hồ

Uncle Ho's (Ho Chi Minh) house-on-stilts. The house is located in the compound of the Presidential Palace ( former Residence of the Governor General of Tonkin). It is made from wood, in the style typical of the houses of mountain ethnic minorities. Next to the house are century old trees, by the side of a beautiful lake. President Ho Chi Minh lived, worked and hold meetings with top leaders from 1954 until he passed away in this house (September 1969)

Ho Chi Minh Museum. This five-storey architectural project is situated behind Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum. It was opened on September 2, 1990 on the occasion of the 100th birthday of the President. In this Museum many objects and documents relating to Ho Chi Minh are kept

Ho Chi Minh's mausoleum

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Ho Chi Minh's mausoleum

Tuesday, March 27, 2007

The Temple of Literature - Van Mieu

The Temple of Literature is Vietnam's historical seat of learning and is the most sacred place for the disciples of Confucius. It is one of the few remaining buildings from the original city founded by Emperor Ly Thanth Tong in the 11th century and is a well-preserved example of Vietnamese architecture. It became the site of the country's first university in 1076. Consisting of a complex of small buildings and five walled courtyards, it was an exclusive establishment teaching the principles of Confucius. Over a period of 900 years thousands of Vietnamese scholars graduated from the university. In the third courtyard is a pond, the Well of Heavenly Clarity, and beside it are 82 stone stelae, mounted on tortoises and engraved with the names of successful graduates. There is also a temple dedicated to Confucius and an altar where the king and his mandarins would make sacrifices.

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Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam is a famous historical and cultural relic consisting of the Temple of Literature and Vietnam’s first university. The Temple of Literature was built in 1070 in honour of Confucius, his followers, and Chu Van An, a moral figure in Vietnamese education. Quoc Tu Giam, or Vietnam's first university, was built in 1076. Throughout its 900 years of activity, thousands of Vietnamese scholars graduated from this university. This site preserves historical vestiges of a 1,000-year-old civilization such as statues of Confucius and his disciples (Yan Hui, Zengshen, Zisi, Mencius), and ancient constructions such as Khue Van Pavilion and the Worshipping Hall.

The artifacts collected during the recent excavation drives around Van Mieu (Temple of Literature) in Hanoi proved the architecture of this site belongs to the Ly (1010-1225) and Tran (1225-1400) Dynasties. Life of the students in olden times is reflected through these artifacts and seemed to be simple and pure compared to that of the city dwellers. Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam (National College) now preserves 82 steles engraved with the names of 1,306 doctors who obtained the doctoral titles at 82 royal examinations, held from 1442 to 1779. Although Van Mieu was built long ago, the architectural complexes in this area were erected much later. One of them was Khue Van Cac, or Pavilion of the Constellation of Literature, built under the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945). In 1802, Gia Long took the throne and built the capital in Hue. In 1805, the Commander of the Northern Citadel, Nguyen Van Thanh, ordered the construction of Khue Van Cac at Van Mieu. This project was carried out at the same time as the erection of the surrounding walls around Van Mieu in 1833.

Originally built in 1070 in the Ly dynasty, the temple is a shrine to Confucius and his disciples responsible for spreading his teachings. Six years later, Quoc Tu Giam or School for the sons of the Nation was established for the princes. The school later admitted sons of mandarins and finally commoners were allowed to attend but, only after they passed a rigorous examination at the regional level. In 1484, Van Mieu became a place to memorialize the most brilliant scholars of the nation.

In 1484, King Le Thanh Tong decreed the names of all those who have attained the doctoral ranks in the national examination be inscribed on stone stelae carried on the backs of giant tortoises. In all, 2,313 individuals were awarded the title of tien si. However, detailed records were kept only between 1442 and 1779 . According to records, there should be 112 stelae in all but only 82 stelae are still standing. Each represents a single examination year. The name and native village of the students who were awarded the title Tien Si or doctor laureate were inscribed on the stone. Tien si was not a diploma of graduation from the royal college. This title was awarded to those who have successful passed the 4 royal examinations. Scholars from all over Vietnam could participate only if they had passed the regional exam.

Courtyard of the Sages is located beyond the Garden of Stelae. Entrance to the courtyard is through Dai Thanh Mon or Gate of Great Success. The Great House of Ceremonies is located here. It was here that all new doctor laureates would come to pay respect to Confucius. The king would also come to pay homage to the great teacher at Dai Thanh Mon. Inscribed on a wooden panel above the altar are the words Teacher of Ten Thousand Generations

Behind the Great House of Ceremonies is the Sanctuary, with statue of Confucius flanked by his four closest disciples, Nhan Tu, Tu Tu, Tang Tu, and Manh-Tu (Mencius). Quoc Tu Giam or School for the Sons of the nation is located in the last courtyard. During the time when Van Mieu was used as a school, this area housed classrooms, housing facilities and a print shop. When the university was moved to Hue, Quoc Tu Giam was turned into a shrine to Confucius' parents called Khai Thanh.

Phu Tay Ho

The west lake area is estimated at 480 hectares, being the biggest lake in the city. A road that runs around the lake is as long as 12 kilometers. It passes several flower-growing villages such as flower Nghi Tam village, Tay Ho, and Peach tree planting Nhat Tan village. Situated nearby the lakeside road are several famous pagodas and temples such as Phu Tay Ho and Kim Lien Pagoda. In feudal regimes many royal palaces and rest houses have been built to used as resort places for kings and senior court officers. Now Ho Tay has been earmarked for the city's major tourism development center.

Phu Tay Ho is one of the more popular shrine on the shore of Ho Tay. During the first and fifteenth day of the lunar month, people from all over Ha Noi pour to the shrine to pay respect to the deities. On these days, the roads are filled with people dressed in colorful attire heading to the narrow road leading to the shrine. Phu Tay Ho is also famous for the Bun Oc (escargot vermicelli soup) and Banh Tom (shrimp cakes) sold in stalls along the way.

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Thanh Nien (Youth) street

The West Lake zone. West Lake has an area of over 800 hectares. It is a former section of the Red River. There are many legends about this lake. Formerly this lake was called "Dam Dam" (Misty lake). Around the lake, stand many palaces of feudal kings and lords. Numerous ancient and beautiful pagodas and temples are also seen in the surroundings of West Lake. In the old times, in the area around West lake there were craft villages specializing in paper and silk production, etc., and villages providing the city with flowers or vegetables. At present, many hotels, restaurants and villas have been built around the lake. In future, this place will be the recreation and tourist spot of Hanoi.

The Youth Road can be compared to a beautiful bridge spanning across the two large bodies of water - West Lake to the northwest and Truc Bach Lake to the southeast. This 992-metre-long road has been made into two-lane road with a line of big trees grown in between the lanes. On either side of the road is grown with flamboyant trees, weeping willow trees and bang lang trees. In summer the road looks colorful with the many flamboyant trees in blossom and bang lang trees with violet flowers.

The west lake area is estimated at 480 hectares, being the biggest lake in the city. A road that runs around the lake is as long as 12 kilometers. It passes several flower-growing villages such as flower Nghi Tam village, Tay Ho, and Peach tree planting Nhat Tan village. Situated nearby the lakeside road are several famous pagodas and temples such as Phu Tay Ho and Kim Lien Pagoda. In feudal regimes many royal palaces and rest houses have been built to used as resort places for kings and senior court officers. Now Ho Tay has been earmarked for the city's major tourism development center.

Click image to enlarge

The Youth Road can be compared to a beautiful bridge spanning across the two large bodies of water - West Lake to the northwest and Truc Bach Lake to the southeast. This 992-metre-long road has been made into two-lane road with a line of big trees grown in between the lanes. On either side of the road is grown with flamboyant trees, weeping willow trees and bang lang trees. In summer the road looks colorful with the many flamboyant trees in blossom and bang lang trees with violet flowers. The west lake area is estimated at 480 hectares, being the biggest lake in the city. A road that runs around the lake is as long as 12 kilometers. It passes several flower-growing villages such as flower Nghi Tam village, Tay Ho, and Peach tree planting Nhat Tan village. Situated nearby the lakeside road are several famous pagodas and temples such as Phu Tay Ho and Kim Lien Pagoda. In feudal regimes many royal palaces and rest houses have been built to used as resort places for kings and senior court officers. Now Ho Tay has been earmarked for the city's major tourism development center.

Which lake is behind?

Lake of the Returned Sword - Hồ Gươm

Ho Hoan Kiem or Lake of the Returned Sword was once a part of the Red river (song Hong). Through thousands of years of changes in the geography, the lake moved eastward to its present position many kilometers from the river. The lake was once called Luc Thuy or Green Water because the water was green year round. In the fifteen century, the lake was named Ho Hoan Kiem, based of a legend that is quite similar to King Arthur and the Lady of the Lake's legend.

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Photo taken from City View Cafe, 5th floor

While fighting against the Chinese, King Le Thai To has in his possession a very valuable sword. After 10 years of continuous struggle, the King finally defeated the Chinese and reclaimed Vietnam's independence. One day, while sailing on lake Luc Thuy, a large turtle appeared. The king drew his sword and pointed at the creature. The turtle immediately grab hold of the sword with its mouth and submerged. The king mourned the lost of such valuable sword, demanded that the lake be emptied and dredged. Both the turtle and the sword were not found. The king realizing that the gods must have lent him the sword to drive back the enemy, but now that Vietnam is free, the sword must be returned. King Le Thai To named the lake Ho Hoan Kiem or Lake of the Returned Sword.

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Tortoise appearance on 30th April 2007 (Liberation day)

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Quan Thanh temple - Đền Quan Thánh

The Chinese legendary figure was a saint who made great contributions in safeguarding the northern border. Quan Thanh Temple was built during the reign of King Ly Thai To (1010-1028). In 1893 the temple was given a grand facelift to have the shape as we can see it today. Special attention should be paid to a black bronze statute of Saint Tran Vu. The giant statute, formally placed in the main hall, was cast in 1677. Another special object is an ancient bronze bell, 1.5 meters high, which is hanged at the top of the three-gate entrance.

Another object of no less significant is a smaller black bronze statute of Old Trong, a chief artisan of the bronze casting team who had made the giant statute of Saint Tran Vu and the great bell on top of the tree-gate entrance. To commemorate the great contributions of the teacher Old Trong, his students of bronze casting cast his statute and placed in the temple for their for their younger generations to remember Old Trong for ever.

The three ancient Chinese which are still seen today on the top of the entrance to the temple means Tran Vu Quan. That is literally the temple which is dedicated to Saint Tran Vu. A temple is a place for worshipping saints while a pagoda is dedicated to Buddha and faithful disciplines. Saint Tran Vu was a legendary figure which was a combination between a legendary character in Vietnam's legend and a mystic character derived from China's legend. The legendary character in Vietnam's legend was a saint who had earned the merits of assisting King An Duong Vuong in getting rid of ghost spirit during the King's construction of his citadel at Co Loa.

Quan Thanh Temple was built during the reign of Emperor Ly Thai To (1010-1028). Special attention should be paid to the black bronze statue of Saint Tran Vu, nearly 4 m in height and 4 tons in weight, was casted in 1677 located in the main hall. Also noticeable, a 1.5m high ancient bronze bell hangs at the top of the three-gate entrance. In the temple, a small black bronze statue of Old Trong, the chief artisan of the bronze casting team who made the bell and the giant statue of Saint Tran Vu. To commemorate the great contributions of their teacher, Old Trong's students cast his statue and placed it in the temple so that future generations would remember him.

Monday, March 26, 2007

Tran Quoc Pagoda

Tran Quoc Pagoda is the oldest of all pagodas in Hanoi. Located beside the dazzling West Lake in Hanoi, Tran Quoc Pagoda is a cultural symbol of Vietnamese Buddhism. It is said that, the pagoda was built under the reign of King Ly Nam De (544-548) under its original name of Khai Quoc (National Founder). It was originally built on the bank of the Red River (then West Lake and the Red River met). In the time of King Le Kinh Tong (1600-1618), the pagoda was removed to the Kim Ngu (Golden Fish) Islet due to the river bank crumbling and was renamed Tran Quoc (National Defence).

Chùa Trấn Quốc

In the pagoda, there are many valuable statues, such as the red lacstatue trimmed with gold of Sakyamouni Buddha's Parinirvana and many ancient stele, with the old- one made in 1639 by Doctoral lau- Nguyen Xuan Chinh recording the Pagoda's history. In 1959, on his visit to Vietnam, Indian Prime Minister Razendia Prasat offered the Pagoda a bodhi tree as a gift. The plant was grafted from the holy bodhi tree where Sakyamuni sat in zen (meditation) position 25 centuries ago. Now the bodhi tree is green and luxuriant, shading part of the pagoda's yard. As a religious relic among spectacscenery, Tran Quoc Pagoda is a favourite stop-over of many foreign visitors and pilgrims.

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Vietnam Museum of Ethnology

Vietnam Museum of Ethnology is both a research centre and a public museum exhibiting the ethnic groups of Vietnam. The mission of the Museum is scientific research, collection, documentation, conservation, exhibition and preserving the cultural and historic patrimony of the nation’s different ethnic groups. The museum also serves to guide research, conservation, and technology that are specific to the work of an ethnographic museum. In its planning for the future, the Museum intends to present the cultures and civilisations of other countries of South-East Asia as well as in the region.

Museum - Overview

The view of outdoor exhibition

The Museum is located in a large open area on Nguyen Van Huyen Street, Cau Giay District, about 8 km from the city centre. This area used to be paddy field of the local people. During the construction of the Museum, all of the infrastructure was built, including the 700m road from Hoang Quoc Viet Street to the entrance of the Museum. (In the near future, this road will reach the Daewoo Hotel, which is situated between Cau Giay and Lieu Giai Streets)

Viet house

Sedang house is the tallest structure in the village, this communal house is a meeting hall, a site for ceremonies, and a reception hall for visitors. In modern times, family groups live in stilt houses arranged variously around the communal house, although in earlier periods large households used to live in long houses. In Ede house, walls are of plaited bamboo and the structure is raised off the ground on two rows of columns. The roof is straw.

Sedang (left) and Ede (right) communal houses

The Museum is divided into two parts: an indoor and an outdoor exhibition. The indoor part is composed of the exhibition building, office, research centre, library, storage, technical lab and auditorium. These offices cover 2,480m2, including 750 m2 for storage of artefacts. The outdoor exhibition, which will be accomplished in the first years of the 21st century, is to highlight different types of houses in all parts of Vietnam. Pathways link the indoor and outdoor exhibitions with each other.

??? house

Nghia Do park, opposite to the museum

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Noi Bai Airport

Nội Bài International Airport (IATA: HAN, ICAO: VVNB), the biggest airport in northern Vietnam, serves the capital city of Hanoi. The airport is 28 miles (45km) from the city's downtown. Travel time by taxi is 30 to 45 minutes.

Outside of Noi Bai airport

The airport is small compared to the other two international airports in Vietnam, but it is newer and more modern. There is a 3,800 m paved runway with a second one under construction (as of 2002).

In front of Domestic Departure Hall

Hanoi city bus number 07 and 17 connect Noi Bai airport with Hanoi city center. The bus stop is just on the right side of the terminal exit. Traveling by bus costs 5000 VND (0.3 USD) per person and takes about one hour. Buses run from 5am to 22pm. Airport taxi costs 150'000 VND (9 USD) and no surcharge. A taxi to city center takes about 30 minutes. There is also the Airport Minubus, which is 22000 VND or 25000 VND (1.6 USD) but only runs when it's full. Minibuses and taxis park right in from of the airport exit gate. There are several companies operating several kinds of taxi/minibus but they are almost the same in price and service.

"Q"ing for check in, Pacific Airline

Domestic departure hall

Arrival hall

Chua Mot Cot - One Pillar Pagoda

One Pillar Pagoda

Phu Giay Relic Site

The relic site is in Kim Thai commune, Vu Bang district, and is dedicated to Goddess Lieu Hanh, one of four immortal Gods of Vietnam (the four are Tan Vien, Giong, Chu Dong Tu and the Goddess Lieu Hanh). The Phu Giay includes four main areas: Den Thuong (the Upper Temple), Phu Tien Huong (The Tien Huong residence),the Van Cat Residence and the tomb of Goddess Lieu.

Phu Giay - Overview

Phu Giay includes four main parts. Firstly, Thuong Temple is located on the top of Tien Phong Mountain and is also called Den Mau Thuong Ngan (the temple of the mother of the upstream land). Secondly, the Tien Huong Residence is a interesting architectural site built in the time of Le Canh Tri (1663-1671) and has been subject to many changes of time. It has 19 blocks, which form a total of 81 compartments and looks southwest to the Tien Huong Mountain. Thirdly, the Van Cat Residence was built on one 1 hectare of ground facing the northwest. The residence now has 7 blocks, and 30 compartments of various scales. The residence has 4 palaces similar to those at Tien Hong. The middle palace is where Lieu Hanh is worshipped while the other are for Buddha and Ly Nam De. Fourthly, the tomb of Lieu Hanh was built in 1938 in grey stone with dedicate engravings, and the tombs covers 625 square meters.

Phu Giay is highly valued for its architecture dating from the late 19th century and the 20th century. Coming to Phu Giay area, visitors not only enjoy the sightseeing tour, but also the hope of being blessed with good luck and peace. Phu Giay Festival is held in early March (lunar calendar) every year.

Inside Phu Giay

Nam Dinh City

Nam Dinh is proud of Tran Royal Remains on Tuc Mac Village, the native land of the Tran Kings and national hero Tran Hung Dao, comprising Thien Truong and Co Trach temples and Pho Minh Pagoda and Tower. The province is also famous for Phu Day Remains on Vu Ban District. These remains including Phu Tien Huong (the Tien Huong Temple), the Van Cat Temple and the tomb of Goddess Lieu Hanh have high value of architecture. Coming to Xuan Thuy National Park, tourists enjoy observing many of special birds, 9 types of which are listed in the world’s Red Book. From November to April, it is a gathering place for tens of thousands of birds migrating from the North. Beside that, tourists are interested in admiring varieties of orchids, camellias and roses in Vi Khe Ornamental Plant Village, swimming in Thinh Long Beach. Every year, Nam Dinh held special traditional events like Vieng Fair, Phu Day, Co Le, Dai Bi, Keo Hanh Thien, Vong Cung pagodas, Tran Temple festivals. Cheo, van, xam songs, puppet showing and boat racing are preserved here.

Statue of Tran Hung Dao and Cultural Center 3/2

Situated on Red River Delta, Nam Dinh is contiguous to Ha Nam, Thai Binh provinces on the north, Ninh Binh Province on the west and the East Sea on the east with 72km seaside. Nam Dinh is not only a granary of midland in the North but also a center of textile industry in Vietnam.

Hàng Đồng street. All streets of Nam Dinh city are similar: narrow streets, small street sides with lots of motorcycles, bicycles, tables staying around...

Vi Xuyen lake: the city’s largest body of water

Vi Xuyen lake (hồ Vị Xuyên)

Chợ Rồng

Tran dynasty temple - Đền Trần

Tran Dynasty (1126 - 1400): Tuc Mac village is situated on the west end of Nam Dinh town, about 3 kms from the town's center. This is the home village of the first King of the Tran dynasty, and the birthplace of General Tran Hung Dao, the most talented general in Viet Nam's history who had defeated the Mongols 3 times. The ruins of the Tran dynasty palaces scatter in an area tens of thousands of square meters, including Thien Truong and Co Trach temples dedicated to the Tran Kings and Tran Hung Dao, and Pho Minh pagoda.

Entrance gate

The Thang Loi Casting Engineering Co Ltd in Nam Dinh Province has cast 14 pure bronze statues of Tran Dynasty kings. The 900-kg statues are to be worshipped at the province’s Trung Hoa Temple. The Tran Dynasty (1225-1400) period is considered the most prosperous era of the ancient Dai Viet civilisation.

Place where people worship 14 Statues of Tran Dynasty kings.

Lake of water-lily just behind the main entrance gate, three main sections of the temple are far behind.

Chùa Vọng Cung

Unfortunately, I took this series of photos in a hurry, later on the final product contains a lot of mistakes.
This is a beautiful pagoda. It was build in 1800s. More info here.

Sunday, March 25, 2007

Tan Son Nhat Airport

Tan Son Nhat currently operates from a single terminal building with separate sections for International and Domestic flights. 4 aerobridges were added in the late 1990s prior to which planes parked away from the terminal and passengers took buses to/from the terminal. The current capacity of this terminal is 7 million passengers per annum. A new International Terminal is currently under construction with the first phase due for opening in 2007. When fully completed this four floor terminal will increase capacity to 8 million passengers a year and the total capacity of this airport will reach 15 million passengers per year. The current terminal will become fully domestic. After 2015, when Long Thanh International Airport is completed, Tan Son Nhat will serve domestic passengers only. Both Arrivals and Departures are split across two floors.

The man in the middle spoils the photo, so ignore him.
This photo was taken in domestic waiting room, Tan Son Nhat airport. It's ridiculous that we are not allowed to take photo here. Anyway, I managed to take some.

Phủ Giầy - Mother Godness Liễu Hạnh

Mother Goddess Liễu Hạnh was said to have been the daughter of the Jade Emperor (Ngọc Hoàng). Because she broke a treasured cup belonging to her father she was reborn as a mortal, a daughter in the Lê family (in present day Nam Định province) in 1557. She had a short life, marrying and having a child at 18, then dying at age 21. Because of her love for life as a mortal, the Emperor allowed her to be reincarnated one more time. During this life she wandered through the country, enjoying the beauties of nature, and meeting many people. She created many miracles and helped her people drive away the Chinese invaders. She became a champion of the people, even fighting with the King in a dispute she could not win. Because of her virtuous behavior the Kinh people rallied to her support and made a place for her in the Đền Sòng in Thanh Hóa province. In time she was deified and became the most important of the Mother Goddesses and she became a role model for all Vietnamese women.

Scenery next to Temple of Mother Godness Lieu Hanh, looking out to open field. The temple is on the right of the photo.

No matter how her life may be interpreted, Liễu Hạnh became a symbol of feminine power. She broke from the Confucianism that underscored female subjugation to male authority. She emphasized happiness, freedom of movement and independent of thought. Feared and loved at the same time, her principles of punishing the bad and rewarding the good also sent a message of protection and hope for social justice to the population then troubled by the upheavals of the 17th-19th centuries. A divine figure (immortal, fairy) as well as a historical person (daughter, spouse, mother), Liễu Hạnh, though she lived in the 16th century in Vietnam, is still revered by all of the Vietnamese people. Having shared the same joys and pains as mortal beings, she is perceived as the most understanding and benevolent goddess

Inside the temple of Mother Godness

For many, Liễu Hạnh thus became the symbol of the ideal Vietnamese woman, compassionate, and an independent and free spirited woman. Liễu Hạnh symbolized the beauty of the Vietnamese spirit and its ability to overcome outside influences which Confucianism, Taoism or Buddhism represented. She became a popular figure in Vietnamese culture and would become an important figure in Đạo Mẫu. She became part of the pantheon of goddesses in Đạo Mẫu, becoming Mother Goddess Liễu Hạnh - the Holy Mother of Heaven and was quickly elevated to the position of being the most popular and most important within the pantheon of Đạo Mẫu. The fact that Mother Goddess Liễu Hạnh is both “divine” and human adds tremendously to her popularity, and makes her an achievable model of behavior. She ultimately becomes the Supreme Divinity, ruling over all of the other lesser divinities and over human beings as well.

This is the tomb of Mother Godness, in front of the Temple. Names of donators are written on boards leaning against the short walls, as seen in the photo

Gióng (or Giếng) temple, next to Temple of Mother Godness

for more info, visit Wikipedia link

University of Technical Education

Side gate, Vo Van Ngan street

Vietnam by Panoramic Photography

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